A hash function turns any input into a fixed-length fingerprint. The same text always produces the same digest, and even a one-character change produces a completely different one. Developers use hashes to verify downloads, build cache keys, detect duplicate records and create test fixtures.
MD5 produces 128 bits and SHA-1 produces 160 bits. Both are still useful for checksums and deduplication, but collisions can be deliberately constructed, so they must not be used for signatures, certificates or password storage. SHA-256 produces 256 bits and is the usual choice for integrity checks.
The three digests are computed from the UTF-8 bytes of your text, which matches how most languages and command-line tools hash the same string. Comparing the output with sha256sum or md5sum on your machine is a quick way to confirm that two systems agree.